It is always painful to see otherwise smart people make mistakes regarding economics. I had a friend who pointed to the fact that "price controls on drugs didn't result in shortages or problems in ___insert name of small country here___" as an argument for implementing them in the US---as if the size of the market doesn't matter and, more importantly, not realizing that, as long as the price was above their marginal costs obviously production would continue; the thing that would be at risk is future investment in production facilities and drug development.
Sadly, it seems that Jordan Peterson is making such a mistake with respect to Russia. The strength of the ruble, which he cites as proof that the sanctions have backfired, did not happen without government intervention which impose their own costs. The Russian central bank had to increase interest rates to 20%, yet Jordan is acting as if this was not a cost! In some respects, given the lack of access to foreign markets, I think most sane economists would think that increasing borrowing costs by this much simply to prop up your currency's foreign exchange rate when your economy is becoming increasingly autarchic makes no sense. You are increasing domestic borrowing costs when foreign borrowing is no longer as easy all to increase your ability to import goods from fewer and fewer countries. A modest fall in the ruble without this massive rate hike would almost certainly have proven better for the Russian economy as a whole. What I see here is Putin giving an order to his people to "make the ruble strong" without a full consideration of the costs involved and his people dutifully implementing it.
My guess is he is simply unaware of this, hoping to see failure in everything his political opponents do---but such bias should be combated; you cannot win a fight with your eyes closed. Jordan appears to be using the "judge an economy by its currency" heuristic, which works most of the time, to a situation where it doesn't hold.
Lastly, the sanctions have value apart from hurting the Russian economy as a whole---they hurt their defense sector in particular. If Russia cannot produce advanced weaponry, that is useful apart from the more wide-ranging effects.