Reflections on Popular Philosophies
1. The sociology of science---how is this anything other than parody? Doesn't it imply an infinite regress: Might we expect a sociology of the sociology of science, and yet another sociology of that sociology.
It mimics the methods of science as used in anthropology while simultaneously claiming that those methods are nothing special.
2. Rawl's Veil of Ignorance: The refutation to this argument is simple. People in such a situation would vote to maximize expected value (or, more precisely, expected utility). But agreeing to radical egalitarianism---or, indeed, any socialistic program---is going to reduce expected value for those entering into the system.
3. Kuhn's Philosophy of Science assumes that there is no such thing as a pure explanatory gain that doesn't entail an explanatory loss. While this may be true if you count easiness as a criterion for evaluating two respective theories, it is not true otherwise. There can be a theory that simply explains more than an earlier one while still explaining everything the earlier one did.